Dynamic theory of gravity, part 2

Tesla's ether was neither the "solid" ether with the "tenuity of steel" of Maxwell and Hertz, nor the half-hearted, entrained, gaseous ether of Lorentz. Tesla's ether consisted of "carriers immersed in an insulating fluid", which filled all space. Its properties varied according to relative movement, the presence of mass, and the electric and magnetic environment.

Tesla's ether was rigidified by rapidly varying electrostatic forces, and was thereby involved in gravitational effects, inertia, and momentum, especially in the space near earth, since, as explained by Tesla, the earth is "...like a charged metal ball moving through space", which creates the enormous, rapidly varying electrostatic forces which diminish in intensity with the square of the distance from earth, just like gravity. Since the direction of propagation radiates from the earth, the so-called force of gravity is toward earth.

Tesla commenced to complete his Dynamic Theory of Gravity at the same approximate period of time that his experimental results and theories had been revealed in the three lectures, often illustrated with demonstrations using Tesla-invented equipment, as revealed in the following eight excerpts, in pertinent part (emphasis mine):

1. "The most probable medium filling the space is one consisting of independent carriers immersed in an insulating fluid".

2. "In his experiments he dwells first on some phenomena produced by electrostatic force, which he considers in the light of modern theories to be the most important force in nature for us to investigate."

3. "He illustrates how mechanical motions are produced by a varying electrostatic force acting through a gaseous medium."

4. "One of the most interesting results arrived at in pursuing these experiments, is the demonstration of the fact that a gaseous medium upon which vibration is impressed by rapid changes of electrostatic potential, is rigid".

5. "If through this medium enormous electrostatic stresses are assumed to act, which vary rapidly in intensity, it would allow the motion of a body through it, yet it would be rigid and elastic, although the fluid itself might be devoid of these properties".

6. "...on the assumption that the independent carriers are of any configuration such that the fluid resistance to motion in one direction is greater than in another, a stress of that nature would cause the carriers to arrange themselves in groups, since they would turn to each other their sides of the greatest electrical density, in which position the fluid resistance to approach would be smaller than to receding."

7. "If in a medium of the above characteristics a brush would be formed by a steady potential, an exchange of the carriers would go on continuously, and there would be less carriers per unit volume in the brush than in the space at some distance from the electrode, this corresponding to rarefaction".

8. "If the potentials were rapidly changing, the result would be very different; the higher the frequency of the pulses, the slower would be the exchange of carriers; finally, the motion of translation through measurable space would cease and, with a sufficiently high frequency and intensity of the stress, the carriers would be drawn towards the electrode, and compression would result."

The eight above excerpts are further reducible to the following four statements pertinent to electro-propulsion technology:

1. Mechanical motions can be produced by varying electrostatic force acting through a gaseous (ether) medium, which thereby becomes rigidifled, yet allows solid bodies to pass through.

2. Under influence of stress in one direction (under the polarizing influence of light or heat), the carriers may group together, forming tubes of force, creating greater ease of movement in that direction.

3. When a (D.C.) brush is created by a steady potential, a continuous exchange of carriers is created corresponding to ether rarefaction, as the tubes of force are drawn into the conductor.

4. With a sufficiently high frequency and stress intensity in the opposite direction, carrier exchange is blocked by ether compression, forcing the tubes of force to dissolve in the conductors of the ship, imparting electromagnetic momentum. The system, using the two kinds of potentials (D.C. and A.C.), is known as "p2".

The steady potential of the brush creates the required exchange of carriers, 'rarifying' (stretching) the elastic, rigidified medium (composed of the carriers immersed in the insulating fluid) in advance of the ship, as the high frequency A.C. to the rear compresses them, blocking exchange from the rear, dissolving the tubes of force (my "microhelices"), creating instant momentum, normal to the surface (which is at right angles to the electric and magnetic fields).

In 1884, John Henry Poynting's theorem had been that the flux of energy at any place is represented by the vector product of the electric and magnetic forces, multiplied by C/4(pi symbol) 3rd power. This implied that forces in a conductor could be transformed there into other forms. In 1893, J. J. Thomson stated practically the same thing, saying "...the aether is itself the vehicle of mechanical momentum, of amount (l/4 (pi symbol)C (D*B) per unit volume.

(Using e.-s. Units for D and E and e.-m. Units for B and H.)

E = electrical force
D = electrical displacement
H = magnetic force
B = magnetic induction

Heinrich Hertz's theory was that two systems of varying current should exert a ponderomotive force on each other due to the variations. Tesla's disagreement was apparently based on the fact that he proved that the "ponderomotive force" is due not to mere "varying currents"; but to rarefaction and compression of the ether carriers, respectively, produced by different kinds of currents (D.C., A.C., rapidly varying electrostatic).

J.J. Thomson had extensively developed the theory of the moving tubes of force, both magnetic and electric, saying that the magnetic effect was a secondary one created by the movement of electric tubes, and assumed:

* that tubes exist everywhere in space, either in closed circuits or terminating on atoms;

* that electric force becomes perceivable only when electric tubes have greater tendency to lie in one direction;

* that in a steady magnetic field, positive and negative tubes may move in opposite directions with equal velocity;

* that a beam of light is a group of electric tubes moving at C at right angles to their length (providing a good explanation for polarization of the plane of rotation).

Tesla said his "dirigible torpedo" would fly at a maximum 300 miles per second, perhaps since its forward velocity would be some maximum fraction of C. Thomson's later publishings on this subject followed Tesla's 1891 lectures before the Royal Society in London, and appear to shed light on Tesla's work, stating:

* that a ponderomotive force is exerted on a conductor carrying electric current, consisting of a transfer of mechanical momentum from the agent which exerts the force to the body which experiences it;

* that, if moving tubes entering a conductor are dissolved in it, mechanical momentum is given to the conductor;

* that such momentum must be at right angles to the tube and to the magnetic induction;

* that momentum stored in a unit volume of the field is proportional to the vector product of electric and magnetic vectors.

"Thomson's" "Electromagnetic Momentum" hypothesis was later developed by H. Poincare' and by M. Abraham.

By 1910, it was said that the consequence of these pronouncements left three alternatives:

1. Modify the theory to reduce to zero the resultant force on an element of free aether (as with Maxwell, Hertz, and Einstein);

2. Assume the force sets aether in motion (as with Helmholtz);

3. Accept the principle that aether is the vehicle of mechanical momentum of amount [D*B] per unit volume (as with Poynting and J. J. Thomson).

Whittaker's greatest error was in omitting Tesla's theory entirely. After Tesla's experiments verified it, right in front of the esteemed members of the "Royal Academy", the "three (later) alternatives" were moot, and a new law existed, that of Tesla.

Tesla's Secrecy

Due to his pacifist sympathies, Tesla originally contemplated giving his electric flying machine to the Geneva Convention or League of Nations, for use in 'policing the world' to prevent war. Later disillusioned after WWI with the collapse of the League, he said he'd "...underestimated man's combative capacity".


end of part 2